Metabolomic analysis of Pennisetum glaucum seed extracts using advanced LC-MS/MS and Q-TOF technology.

UNLABELLED: Pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum) is a cereal widely cultivated and grown in Africa and the Indian subcontinent for centuries. The present investigation aims to use LC-MS/MS to analyze the secondary metabolites present in pearl millet seeds using different solvents such as methanol, hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. METLIN software was used to identify the metabolites. The analysis revealed the presence of 650 metabolites, among which 145 were commonly found in all the solvent extracts. The major classes of identified metabolites are terpenoids, flavonoids, sterols, amino acids, fatty acids, glycoconjugates, and carbohydrates. 80% methanolic extract and ethyl acetate extract yielded the highest concentrations of terpenoid (23%) and flavonoid (17%). The enrichment analysis was performed to statistically examine and identify the metabolites present in the metabolomic library dataset. In the hexane extract, notable metabolites such as quercetin and rutin were identified, which possess potential for the management of Alzheimer's disease due to their neuroprotective effects (p < 4e-35). In the methanol extract, metabolites like gallic acid and caffeic acid were associated with uremia treatment due to their antioxidant activity (p < 5e-37). Overall, the present study provides an overview of the metabolites present in the pearl millet seeds and the nutritive as well as therapeutic potential of these millets in the management of human diseases. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-025-06328-6.