Cryptoxanthin as a multitarget neuroprotective agent: mechanistic and in silico perspectives.

OBJECTIVES: Neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), Alzheimer's disease (AD), and Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) are complex disorders driven by multiple pathological processes, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, protein misfolding, and neuroinflammation. Due to this multifactorial nature, there is a growing interest in identifying natural compounds with multi-targeted neuroprotective properties. This review aims to evaluate the therapeutic potential of β-cryptoxanthin, a naturally occurring xanthophyll carotenoid, as a candidate molecule for mitigating neurodegenerative diseases. METHODS: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to examine the neuroprotective mechanisms of β-cryptoxanthin, focusing on its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory properties. In addition, in silico molecular docking studies were performed using AutoDock Vina to investigate the binding interactions of β-cryptoxanthin with key molecular targets associated with inflammation and neurodegenerative pathways. KEY FINDINGS: β-Cryptoxanthin demonstrated strong neuroprotective potential due to its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulate key molecular pathways involved in neuroinflammation and oxidative damage. Structurally characterized by a hydroxylated β-carotene backbone with 11 conjugated double bonds, β-cryptoxanthin showed favorable binding affinities with several inflammation- and neurodegeneration-related targets, including COX-2 (-11.6 kcal/mol), PI3K (-9.6 kcal/mol), mTOR1 (-9.2 kcal/mol), and GSK-3β (-8.7 kcal/mol). Additionally, interactions with JAK2, MAPK1, NF-κB, NRF2, and TLR4 suggest its involvement in regulating neuroimmune signalling pathways and inflammatory mediators. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this review highlight β-cryptoxanthin as a promising candidate for future neurotherapeutic investigation due to its multi-targeted mechanisms of action against key pathways implicated in neurodegeneration. Molecular docking results support its potential mechanistic role in modulating inflammation- and oxidative stress-related targets. However, these findings represent mechanistic plausibility rather than confirmed clinical efficacy, and further validation through preclinical and clinical studies is required.